Author: Muhammad Ahmad

While retail emporiums could be blocks long and only a few stories tall, other business rented space in thinner buildings built much higher. By the late 1880s, structures that had once been built with iron began to be built with a structural steel – a new, stronger kind of steel. The practice had begun in… Continue reading Structural Steel and Skyscrapers

One of the reasons that later industrialization progressed at such a greater pace than before was the improvement in power sources. The early Industrial Revolution depended upon steam engines and waterpower. The earliest engines were large and prohibitively expensive for all but the largest firms. Water wheels were a possibility for smaller concerns, but they could… Continue reading The Electrical Grid and Improvements in Transportation

Industrialization and urbanization, as a result of Industrial Revolution, began long before the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but it accelerated greatly during this period because of technological innovations, social changes, and a political system increasingly apt to favor economic growth beyond any other concern. Before 1880, industrialization depended upon a prescribed division of… Continue reading Mini Case Studies

Early in the nineteenth century, an awesome new force was gathering strength in Europe. The term “Industrial Revolution” was coined by the French as a metaphor of the affinity between technology and the great political revolution of modern times. Soon exported to the United States, the Industrial Revolution swept away any visions of America being… Continue reading Industrialization and Urbanization in the United States

Causes of pollution and environmental degradation are of two types: 2.3.1 Natural Causes Drought, flood, tsunami, cyclone, hurricane, twister, torrents, earthquake, molten lava of volcano, and epidemic are the main natural causes/factors which cause environmental pollution. Since these are natural‐caused events and man has no control over them, they are known as natural causes. 2.3.2… Continue reading Causes of Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Environmental problems have bedeviled humanity since the first person discovered fire. The earliest humans appear to have inhabited a variety of locales within a tropical and semitropical belt stretching from Ethiopia to southern Africa about 1.9 million years ago. These first humans provided for themselves by a combination of gathering food and hunting animals. Humans, for the majority of… Continue reading Genesis of the Environmental Problem

Engineers in all disciplines practice a profession of those who must obey rules governing their professional conduct. One important set of rules that all engineers should be aware of is environmental statues, which are laws enacted by US Congress and governments of other countries around the world. Environmental law, also known as environmental and natural resources law,… Continue reading Introduction