Total annual cost (TAC) has three elements: direct costs (DC), indirect costs (IC), and recovery credits (RC), which are related by the following equation: (7.1) Clearly, the basis of these costs is one year, a period that allows for seasonal variations in production (and emissions generation) and is directly usable in financial analyses. The various… Continue reading Elements of Total Annual Cost
Author: Muhammad Ahmad
Cost Estimates
The costs and estimating methodology in this section are directed toward the “study” estimate with a nominal accuracy of ±30%. According to Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, a study estimate is “used to estimate the economic feasibility of a project before expending significant funds for piloting, marketing, land surveys, and acquisition. However, it can be prepared at… Continue reading Cost Estimates
Economic Evaluation of Pollution Prevention
The economic evaluation of engineering projects typically involves estimation of equipment, installation, raw material, energy, and maintenance cost. Disposal and pollution control costs are often factored into these calculations in determining economic rates of return, but other regulatory and social costs are not. In this chapter, total cost assessment of waste management alternatives is described,… Continue reading Economic Evaluation of Pollution Prevention
Introduction
The failure of many pollution‐prevention programs can be traced to the inability of the engineers and scientists to convince business leadership to change manufacturing processes unfavorable to the environment. Often, this reluctance to change is not because the recommended process improvements were technically unsound, but because the engineering team failed to speak the language of… Continue reading Introduction
VOC Control Technologies
The NSPS regulations for combustion turbines and duct burners provide no VOC emission limits. The following sections assess the control strategies that are potentially feasible for decreasing VOC emissions from the facility. Catalytic Oxidation The formation of VOC in combustion units depends primarily on the efficiency of combustion. Inefficient combustion leads to the formation of… Continue reading VOC Control Technologies
BACT Evaluation for PM/PM10 Emissions
Although no specific PM/PM10 emission limits are established in the NSPS for combustion turbines, BACT must be considered for the control of particulate. Step 1: Identify Potential Control Technologies The first step in the BACT analysis is to identify all potential control technologies available for the control of PM/PM10 emissions. The technologies identified for the control of… Continue reading BACT Evaluation for PM/PM10 Emissions
CO BACT Review: Combustion Turbines and Duct Burners
SCONOX reduces CO emissions by oxidizing CO to CO2. When CO is reduced from 11.51 ppm (gas turbine with duct burner firing) to 1 ppm, the cost effectiveness is $21 706/T of CO removed. In the United States, combustion turbines and duct burners are subject to the federal NSPS, but the regulations provide no CO emission limits. The following… Continue reading CO BACT Review: Combustion Turbines and Duct Burners
Lean‐Premix Technology or Dry‐Low NOx
Processes that use air as a diluent to reduce combustion flame temperatures achieved reduce NOx by premixing the fuel and air before they enter the combustor. This type of process is called lean‐premix combustion and goes by a variety of names, including the dry‐low NOx (DLN) process of General Electric, the dry‐low emissions process of Rolls‐Royce, and the… Continue reading Lean‐Premix Technology or Dry‐Low NOx
NOx BACT Review
Combustion Turbines and Duct Burners NOx is produced through two mechanisms: high temperature processes, which create thermal NOx (products of the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air) and combustion of nitrogen‐containing materials, which produces fuel NOx. Table 6.16 lists the technologies that were identified for controlling NOx emissions from gas turbines and their effective emission levels. SCONOX… Continue reading NOx BACT Review
BACT: Applications to Gas Turbine Power Plants
In the United States, BACT comprises the equipment and methods needed to achieve the maximum degree of reduction of pollutants subject to federal regulations that are emitted from any proposed major stationary source or major modification of such a source. The pollutants subject to review under the PSD regulations, and for which a BACT analysis… Continue reading BACT: Applications to Gas Turbine Power Plants