Author: Haroon Khalil

In this process, volume remains constant, i.e., ΔV = 0. This is also known as isochoric process. From first law of thermodynamics:

The various non-flow processes and their characteristics are shown in Figure 1.3. Figure 1.3 Non-flow Processes

Heat and work are energy transfer mechanisms between a system and its surroundings. Some of the similarities between heat and work are as follows:

Heat and work are energy transfer mechanisms between a system and its surroundings. Some of the similarities between heat and work are as follows:

Heat and work are directional quantities, and thus the complete description of a heat or work interaction requires the specification of both the magnitude and direction. One way of doing that is to adopt a sign convention. The generally accepted formal sign convention for heat and work interactions is as follows:

Energy transfer across the boundary of a closed system may occur in the form of heat and work. When a closed system is left in a medium of different temperature, energy transfer takes place between the system and the surrounding until thermal equilibrium is reached. The direction of energy transfer is always from the higher…

Internal energy can be defined as the sum of all the microscopic forms of energy of a system. It is related to the molecular structure and the degree of activities at molecular level and can be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules. Let us consider a system for…

Energy exists in various forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, chemical, nuclear, etc. In thermodynamics, it is considered that the various forms of energy make up total energy of a system. This total energy can be represented into two groups—macroscopic and microscopic. The macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses…

The machine, which would continuously supply mechanical work without some other form of energy disappearing simultaneously, is called first kind of perpetual motion machine (PMM1). PMM1 is impossible. It is a fictitious machine.

The first law of thermodynamics is equivalent to law of conservation of energy. It deals with the transformation of heat energy into work and vice versa. For closed systems, energy can be transferred by work and heat transfer. In thermodynamics, the term work denotes a means for transferring energy. Work done by a system is considered positive: W >…