Author: Haroon Khalil

Steel is a very ductile alloy consisting of iron and carbon. Based on the percentage of carbon content, steel is classified as follows: 1. Manufacturing of Steel There are five processes by which steel is manufactured: (i) Bessemer Process A Bessemer convertor (a furnace) is used in this process, which is wide at the bottom…

Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon with the content of carbon being more than 2%. In addition, it contains impurities such as manganese, phosphorous, silicon and sulphur. The presence of manganese makes it brittle when it is more than 0.75%. The fluidity of cast iron is increased by the presence of phosphorous.…

It is the oldest form of iron made by man. It was originally produced from iron ore in a huge fire. This gives a very impure iron which needs further refining by mechanical working. Wrought iron contains high-purity iron and iron silicate. It contains a very low percentage of carbon, and the iron silicate is…

The properties of pig iron are as follows:

Three stages are involved in the manufacture of pig iron, viz., Dressing is the process in which the iron ores obtained from mines are crushed into pieces of about 25 cm diameter sizes by rock crushers. If the ores contain impurities like clay, loam and other earthy materials they are removed by washing the ores.…

Pig iron is the basic material from which wrought iron and steel are manufactured. They are extracted from iron ores, viz., magnetite, haematite, limonite and siderite. The percentage of iron content, and their chemical formula are given in Table 11.1. Pig iron is extracted from these ores in a continuous working furnace called the blast…

Iron Ores Iron ores are compounds of iron with non-metallic elements. They also contain impurities such as carbon, manganese, phosphorous, silicon and sulphur. The iron ores are extracted from the earth by mining operations. While selecting iron ores, the following aspects should be considered: Important varieties of iron ores are haematite, limonite, magnetite, pyrite and…

We use metals daily in one form or the other. Metals are also used for various engineering works such as structural members, roofing materials, reinforcing material, pipes, tanks, etc. Among the metals, iron is the most commonly used one. It is also available in abundance. It is stated that about 5% of iron is present…