Business Management

Author: Haroon Khalil

  • CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

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    Haroon Khalil
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    According to National Building Code, buildings are classified based on occupancy and type of construction.

  • National Level Housing Organizations

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    Haroon Khalil
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    There are different levels of housing organizations which involve in policy planning, stipulating standards, research on housing and building, etc. 1. National Building Organization (NBO) National Building Organization established in 1954, works in close collaboration with the Planning Commission, Research Laboratories, Construction Departments, Housing Boards, etc. It is engaged in coordination and promotion of housing…

  • Priorities in Housing

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Major priority areas for housing and construction are briefed below:

  • Housing Programme

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    Haroon Khalil
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    United Nations has recommended certain norms to improve the quality of life of human beings. The norms stipulated are: (i) settlement policies and strategies, (ii) settlement planning, (iii) institutions and management, (iv) infrastructure and services, (v) land and (vi) public participation. Based on the above norms, housing programmes have to take the following steps:

  • IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Housing is an important indicator of the level of country’s social progress. Among the basic requirements for mankind to live, shelter takes the place next to food and clothing. Shelter is needed to protect oneself from natural calamities, wild, animals and from fellow beings. As a matter of fact, human beings started from caves and…

  • INTRODUCTION

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    Haroon Khalil
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    One of the primary needs of human beings is shelter (i.e., to live in a comfortable place called house). A building constructed using natural or man-made material forms the house. There are different national level organizations which deal with housing. Apart from just living, buildings are needed for different purposes. Accordingly the components are different.…

  • Adhesives

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Adhesives are used to stick two or more parts together so that they behave as a single unit. Adhesives are of three types viz., organic adhesives, synthetic adhesives and rubber-based adhesives. 1. Types of Adhesives (i) Organic Adhesives Organic adhesives are made from animal protein, blood albumen, milk casein or starch, etc. (ii) Synthetic Adhesives…

  • Geosynthetics

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Geosynthetics are synthetic fabrics which are sufficiently durable to last a long time in any environment. Geotextiles and Geomembrane are the two major products of geosynthetics. 1. Geotextiles Geotextiles are porous fabrics manufactured from synthetic materials that are primarily petroleum products and others such as polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride, nylon, fibre glass, and…

  • Rubber

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Rubber is a natural material extracted from rubber trees and are also manufactured by chemical processes. The former is known as natural rubber and the latter as synthetic rubber. Natural rubber has high strength, good resistance to wear and tear as well as in flexure. But it has low hysteresis and easily gets affected by…

  • MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Some of the materials which are used to a lesser extent in building activities are discussed in this section.