Business Management

Author: Haroon Khalil

  • Standard Sizes of Doors

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Dimensions of doors and windows are measured inside to inside of openings. Door is designated as 8 DS 20 in which D denotes door and S denotes single shutter. The first number indicates the width of opening in module of 100 mm. The last number denotes the height of the opening in module of 100…

  • DOORS

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Doors are to be located such that there shall be freedom of movement in and out of the room. Further it should ensure the maximum use of accommodation in the room and at the same time privacy of the occupants. In general, it is preferred to place the door at one end of the room.…

  • TECHNICAL TERMS

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Technical terms used in connection with doors and windows are discussed below (Fig. 20.1). 1. Frame This consists of a group of members which form a support for a door or window. 2. Style This is the outside vertical member of the shutter of a door or window. 3. Head This is the horizontal uppermost…

  • INTRODUCTION

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Doors, windows and ventilators are important and main fixtures in a building which play vital role in the comfortable usage of a building. Door is a framework with shutters made of wood, steel, aluminium or a combination of these materials (with glass wherever needed), which is secured in an opening left in the wall for…

  • Grade Beams

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Grade beams are provided in between isolated footings. Thus under reamed piles and column on isolated footing are connected by grade beams and then the wall is constructed over it. These beams are stronger than the plinth beams. The recommended minimum depth of grade beam is 150 mm and minimum three numbers of 8 mm…

  • Plinth Beams

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Plinth beams are constructed at plinth level in load-bearing wall for uniform load distribution and to even out settlement of buildings. They also allow to provide Damp Proof course at this level. Such beams are very much helpful to buildings in seismic areas. Similar types of beams are provided at lintel level and roof level.…

  • PLINTH BEAMS AND GRADE BEAMS

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Two types of beams, viz., plinth beam and grade beam are constructed in walls for load distribution which are discussed below.

  • Reinforced Brick Lintels

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Reinforced brick lintels are used in certain cases. In such cases, bars are provided longitudinally in between the vertical joints and extending from joint to joint. Further, to resist the vertical shear additional 6 mm diameter steel stirrups may be used.

  • RCC Lintels

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Reinforced cement concrete lintels have practically replaced all other materials for the lintels. The RCC lintels have plenty of advantages over other materials as stated below. A concrete mix of 1:2:4 with mild steel reinforcement is usually adopted. Precast RCC lintels are preferred for a span of 2 m. While laying precast RCC units, special…

  • Steel Lintels

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    Haroon Khalil
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    Rolled Steel Joints (RSJs) are used individually or embedded in concrete. Particularly for large openings and to support heavy loads, embedded RJS lintels are preferred. These lintels are also called as bressummers (Fig. 19.10). For light loadings and short spans steel angles or channel sections in concrete are used. For large spans and heavy loads, built-up sections…