Month: December 2022

First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is equivalent to law of conservation of energy. It deals with the transformation of heat energy into work and vice versa. For closed systems, energy can be transferred by work and heat transfer. In thermodynamics, the term work denotes a means for transferring energy. Work done by a system is considered positive: W >… Continue reading First Law of Thermodynamics

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat The mechanical equivalent of heat is a concept that has an important part in the development and acceptance of the conservation of energy and the establishment of the science of thermodynamics in the 19th century. The concept stated that motion and heat are mutually interchangeable and that in every case, a given amount… Continue reading THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (Cρ)

The rate of change of enthalpy with respect to absolute temperature when pressure is constant is known as specific heat at constant pressure (Cp). Example 1.1: The property of a substance is given as where u is the specific internal energy (kJ/kg), t is temperature in °C, p is pressure in kN/m2, and v is specific volume (m3/k). Find the Cv and Cp of the substance. Solution:

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES USED IN THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics: It is the field of thermal engineering that studies the properties of systems that have a temperature and involve the laws that govern the conversion of energy from one form to another, the direction in which heat will flow, and the availability of energy to do work. Mass and Force: Mass is one of the fundamental… Continue reading IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES USED IN THERMODYNAMICS

INTRODUCTION

There are different forms of energy; all the energy cannot be used as a work. The convertibility of energy into work depends on its availability, i.e., how much energy can be converted into useful work. Thermodynamics is a branch of science and engineering that deals with interaction of energy mainly in the forms of heat… Continue reading INTRODUCTION

SUMMARY

Continuing changes in the project management profession and the ways in which projects are managed support a less prescriptive standard. Industry research, global participation with broad industry representation, and an iterative review process shaped and validated the move from a process-based standard to a principle-based standard. Future teams can evaluate the impact of the shift… Continue reading SUMMARY

EXPOSURE DRAFT

The draft standard was made available for public review and comment from 15 January to 14 February 2020. Almost 600 individuals submitted comments on the exposure draft. In response to the exposure draft comments, the content was reorganized and edited for clarity. Most comments indicated agreement with the intent of the principle-based standard. The Development… Continue reading EXPOSURE DRAFT

ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT

The Development Team worked in pairs and small teams to develop the initial content for each of the three sections that comprise The Standard for Project Management. Once the initial drafts were integrated, the Development Team and Review Team 1 reviewed and commented on the drafts of each section of the standard. These reviews produced over… Continue reading ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT

GLOBAL WORKSHOPS

Throughout the development process, global workshops were held where the move to a principle-based standard was presented and workshop participants were asked to explore guiding principles for project management. Workshops were presented in Dublin, Ireland (PMI Global Congress – EMEA); Bangalore, India; Brazilia, Brazil; Ottawa, Canada (PMI Global Executive Council meeting); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States… Continue reading GLOBAL WORKSHOPS