Mollier diagram is a graph between enthalpy and entropy. Various properties of steam can be shown graphically on this diagram. Natures of various lines are shown in Figure 4.9. A complete Mollier diagram is shown in Appendix I at the end of this book. Figure 4.9 Mollier Diagram
Month: December 2022
STEAM TABLE
The properties of steam are pressure, temperature, volume, enthalpy, entropy, and internal energy. These values are determined experimentally and tabulated as steam table. Separate steam tables for saturated and superheated are used. If the temperature of steam is more than the saturation temperature it is known as superheated steam and the temperature difference of saturated… Continue reading STEAM TABLE
SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
A pure separating calorimeter suffers from a disadvantage that the steam passing out after water separation may not be completely dry or it may have higher dryness faction. Only in throttling calorimeter a high dryness fraction (93%) can be found. Thus, a combined separating and throttling calorimeter may be used to measure the dryness fraction… Continue reading SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER
THROTTLING CALORIMETER
Throttling calorimeter is a device used in determination of dryness fraction of steam. There is a sampling tube which is placed in steam main pipe. It consists of a hole facing upstream to get sample steam. The steam passes through the throttle valve and then flows into the inner cylinder. The main condition is that… Continue reading THROTTLING CALORIMETER
Enthalpy Change in Generation of Steam from 0°C
At 0°C 0°C to Saturation Temperature For Complete Transformation of Steam hfg = hg – hf = (ug – uf) + P (Vg – Vf) kJ/kg Wet Steam Wet steam contains partly water as suspended in it and partly steam. Dryness Fraction Dryness fraction is defined as the mass of dry steam per kg of wet steam. It is represented by x. Enthalpy h = xhg + (1… Continue reading Enthalpy Change in Generation of Steam from 0°C
FORMATION OF STEAM AT CONSTANT PRESSURE
Steam is gaseous form of water and ice. When heat applied to ice at 0°C is equal to latent heat of fusion plus sensible heat from 0°C to 100°C plus latent heat of vaporization, ice is transformed into steam. Three variables that are very important are pressure, temperature, and volume. At constant pressure, variation in… Continue reading FORMATION OF STEAM AT CONSTANT PRESSURE
INTRODUCTION
Steam is a gaseous form of water which has a large number of industrial applications. Steam is widely used for power generation purpose. Also, it has applications in chemical, leather and other industries. Most of the nuclear and thermal power plan use steam to run the turbines and finally to generate electrical power. Therefore, all… Continue reading INTRODUCTION
Non-renewable Energy
Over 85% of the energy used in the world is from non-renewable sources. Most of the developed nations are dependent on non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels (coal and oil) and nuclear power. These sources are called non-renewable because they cannot be renewed or regenerated quickly enough to keep pace with their use. Coal: Coal… Continue reading Non-renewable Energy
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy comes from the sources that can theoretically be renewed as quickly as they are consumed. If used at a sustainable rate, these sources will be available for consumption for thousands of years or longer. Unfortunately, some potentially renewable energy sources, such as biomass and geothermal, are being depleted in some areas because the usage… Continue reading Renewable Energy
SOURCES OF ENERGY
The sources of energy can be classified as renewable and non-renewable. Renewable form of energy can be regenerated and source of energy is infinite, e.g., solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, and geothermal energy are renewable forms of energy. In contrast to renewable energy, non-renewable energy cannot be regenerated and its source is limited, e.g.,… Continue reading SOURCES OF ENERGY