Month: December 2022

Relays are generally type of switches used to operate electrical ON and OFF connections electronically or electro-​mechanically. Relays are used to control a circuit by establishing and closing contacts with other circuits. When relay is not powered, it is in normally open (NO) condition, and when there is close contact it is normally closed (NC)… Continue reading Relay

Soil moisture sensor, as clear from its name, is used to detect the moisture level of soil. It detects presence of water content in soil depending upon checking the resistance or dielectric constant of soil. The measured value can be calibrated and can be affected by different parameters like type of soil, environmental temperature, conductivity of… Continue reading Soil moisture sensor

No matter whether the sensors are electrified or not, if exposed to adverse environment for a long time, such as high humidity, high temperature or high pollution, it will affect the sensor performance badly. Vibration Continual vibration will result in sensors’ down-​lead response then rupture. In transportation or assembling line, pneumatic screwdriver/ultrasonic welding machine can… Continue reading Long time exposure to adverse environment

The sensor resistance produces a reversible drift if it is stored for a long time without electricity; this drift is related to storage conditions. Sensors should be stored in airproof condition without silicone gel bag with clean air. When any of the sensors are stored for a long time without electricity, it requires a long… Continue reading Long time storage

No matter whether the sensor is electrified or not, if placed in high gas concentration for a long time some sensor characteristics will be affected.

Under indoor conditions, slight water condensation will affect sensor performance lightly. However, if water condensation is on sensor surface for a certain period of time, sensor’s sensitivity will be decreased.

MQ-​2, the grove gas sensor is mainly used to detect leakage of gas from home and industry. It can detect different gases like H2, CH4, LPG, CO, alcohol, smoke and propane. It is very fast in taking actions because it has very high sensitivity and very fast response time. It is a metal oxide semiconductor… Continue reading MQ-​2 semiconductor sensor for combustible gas

A buzzer is a small and very efficient device that is used to generate sound signal, so it is called beeper also known as audio signal generating device. It can be a mechanical, electro-​mechanical or piezoelectric device. Mainly it is used for alarms, timers and to check inputs initiated by users like mouse click or… Continue reading Buzzer

Power: Arduino UNO board can be powered by external power supply using USB connection (Figure 9.2). It works on 5 V DC power supply, so board can be either connected with laptop through USB cable, or adapter can be used which converts AC into DC power supply. Board can also operate on 6–​20 V power… Continue reading Arduino UNO description

Arduino is an organization which designs software and develops open source hardware and software based on microcontroller boards. Electronics projects are built using this open source board. Different types of Arduino boards are available like UNO, Lily pad, Nano, Mega etc. Arduino UNO is based on microcontroller ATMga328. It has 14 digital input/output pins, out… Continue reading Arduino